Rene Descartes And Rationalism

Rene Descartes And Rationalism Rene Descartes method of doubt centers on destroying knowledge to reconstruct knowledge thus, gaining certainty. To do so, one has to first doubt everything. This in my opinion promotes a certain kind of disunity in the world of knowledge, thus leading to no definite knowledge. Descartes states that in order for man not to be deceived by the supreme and powerful being (the devil), man will have to doubt everything, to be more specific, doubt everything in the physical sense. Descartes emphasizes that the only thing true in the world is thinking. Indeed the senses tend to make mistakes, but Descartes fails to see that these mistakes have a possibility in helping man conform into the world of knowledge. The method of doubt downplays every aspect of success in the realm of knowledge. There are several scientists who made scientific breakthroughs and contributions to the world of science by making these mistakes. This method of doubt is borderline pessimistic by nature. A mistake is in itself an error for man, but what Descartes fails to see is that these mistakes can help in making man better. Certainty cannot be obtained by doubting everything. Rene Descartes fails to present an endpoint. Meaning, he doesnt say when man has to stop doubting everything. Rene Descartes states To conquer that habit, therefore, I had better switch right around and pretend (for a while) that these former opinions of mine are utterly false and imaginary. He then states that he will stop doing so, until he finds a something that can counter-balance the weight of old opinion. All Rene Descartes does here is to present a means to an endpoint. But he never states what that endpoint is. Thus, rendering this kind of thinking unusable simply because one will never know when to stop doubting. The endpoint being certainty can also be doubted. This is because, how will one know that, that he is indeed nearing certainty or he has gotten to the truth. Rene Descartes offers absolutely no information whatsoever. All he does is again, state a means to an end. In Rene Descartes method of doubt the train of thought is always moving backwards. Backwards in the sense that in doubting everything, or by apparently destroying knowledge in order to reconstruct it, there is no sense of moving forward to certainty. The train of thought is always in the negative plain. In doing so, Id like to point out, man cannot reach certainty or at least know when to stop destroying knowledge to reach that certainty, by doubting everything. There should be a means of moving forward to that certainty, but in doubting everything all you are doing is going back and in fact lowering the plane of knowledge by doubting it. So what remains true? Perhaps just the one fact that nothing is certain? In thinking like this, Rene Descartes disproves that the only thing he is trying to find. In applying the method of doubt, I affirm that is indeed better to doubt something first before making a quick verification of something. In making a quick verification of things or in trusting your own senses quickly, at times you will err in doing so. But I would like to emphasize that I only affirm only until this aspect of Rene Descartes method of doubt. I believe it is in fact better to examine ones senses first before making a quick conclusion. Rene Descartes was right in saying that your senses are not clear enough to prove things. There are indeed things that elude the senses of man. But insofar, as doubting to the very core, I believe that no one will actually reach certainty. According to Rene Descartes, the only true science is mathematics. He states that, Mathematics is the only science that is indeed true. Insofar as certainty is concerned, there is no doubt that Mathematics is indeed certain in its plane of knowledge. But the certainty Mathematics emits is far different from the certainty we are looking for. Mathematics shows how the intellect can conform into something that is certain without the use of senses. But beyond that thinking, Mathematics is in no way useful. Mathematics as a starting point for reaching something that is certain outside numbers, will in no way bear any fruit. Mathematics is limited to the intellect. As far as certainty is concerned, it is indeed true. The big difference between Mathematics and all the other sciences is that, Mathematics is the only science that conforms to certainty. There is no way one can prove that 1 + 1 is not equal to two. In applying Mathematics as the basis for the method of doubt, I deny that Mathematics is useful. The mode of thinking in Mathematics is far distinct than the thinking used in the method of doubt. Meaning, the thinking in answering the mysteries of the world, or in this case, whether or not everything is an illusion, is far different from the realm of knowledge in Mathematics. Even if Mathematics conforms into something that is certain, I believe that Mathematics is still not a viable science in knowing whether or not something is true this is because the method of doubt of Rene Descartes is quite complex. Mathematics should not be the central science simply because it is the only science that conforms into something that is certain. Insofar as the statement Its not true if its not certain is concerned, there is no way one can reach at something that is beyond probable and without dispute. This is because the method of doubt has no clear path to begin with. The path to certainty with the use of the method of doubt, ultimately leads to nowhere. Furthermore, in the meditations, Rene Descartes emphasizes on doubting everything man sees because the devil works to deceive man. But I would like to point out, if man lives under these conditions, and supposing that there is indeed an entity that is out to trick man, man will not have a basis in understanding what is true. I believe man should never cower in fear of the unknown, and if a man does indeed doubt everything for the sole reason that there is an entity out to deceive man rather man should rise from this thinking and think accordingly. When someone is the author of his own thoughts and that author of thoughts is indeed wrong in something. I would like to argue that it is not because a supreme powerful being deceived that author of thoughts rather it is a mistake because of ignorance. The author of thoughts simply did not know what that thing is. It is not because of some supreme powerful deceiver rather the author of thoughts deceived himself because of his lack of knowledge. Mistakes in general happen because of a lack of knowledge. In conclusion, I believe Rene Descartes method of doubt is in fact useful only to a certain extent, but anywhere beyond it is downright absurd and a danger to the thinking of man. Certainty cannot emerge from doubt simply because in doubting everything, you also doubt truth as well. And in doubting truth or finding the real truth it beats the purpose of using the method of doubt of Rene Descartes. On Mathematics, I believe that Mathematics cannot be used as the central science in the method of doubt simply because it is the only science that conforms to something that is certain. And lastly, the method of doubt does not show any sign of an answer or a basis of what is true, rather all it states is to doubt everything until man reaches that very truth. Meaning, man will ultimately continue to doubt everything he senses without a limit. In doing so, if man does indeed doubt without a cause, I see no point in using the method of doubt.

IMpact of industrialisation in indias economy Essay

Industrialization plays a vital role in the economic development of an underdeveloped country. The historical facts reveal that all the developed countries of the world broke the vicious circle of underdevelopment by industrialization. Pakistan being a developing country also wants to achieve higher standard of living for its masses. It has therefore, embarked upon various programmers of industrialization. The policies of privatization, deregulation and liberalization of the economy are being pursued. The role of industrialization in economic development is summed up as under. 1. Increase in national income. Industrialization makes possible the optimum utilization of the scarce resources of the country. It helps in increasing the quantity and quality of various kinds of manufactured goods and thereby make a larger contribution to gross national product. (GNP). 2. Higher standard of living. Industrialization helps in increasing the value of output per worker. The income of the labour due to higher productivity increases. The rise in income raises the living standard of the people. 3. Economic stability. Industrialization is the best way of providing economic stability to the country. A nation which depends upon the production and export of raw material alone cannot achieve a rapid rate of economic growth. The uncertainties of Nature, the restricted and fluctuating demand of the agricultural raw material hampers economic progress and leads to an unstable economy. 4. Improvement in balance of payments. Industrialization brings structural changes in the pattern of foreign trade of the country. It helps in increasing the export of manufactured goods and thus earn foreign exchange. On the other hand the processing of raw material at home curtails the import of goods and thereby helps in conserving foreign exchange. The export orientation and import substitution effects of industrialization help in the improvement of balance of payments. In Pakistan, the exports of semi manufactured and manufactured goods showed favorable trend. 5. Stimulates progress in other sectors. Industrialization stimulates progress in other sectors of the economy. A developments of one industry leads to the development and expansion of other industries. For instance the construction of a transistor radio plant, develops the small battery industry (backward linkage). The construction of milk processing plants adds to its line of production ice cream. cone cream plants etc.. (forward linkage). 6. Increased employment opportunities. Industrialization provides increased employment opportunities in small and large scale industries. In an agrarian economy, industry absorbs underemployed and unemployed workers of agricultural sector and thereby increases the income of the community. 7. Promotes specialization. Industrialization promotes specialization of labour. The division of work increases the marginal value product of labour. The income of worker in the industrial sector is therefore higher than that of a worker in agricultural sector. 8. Rise in agricultural production. Industrialization provides machinery like tractors thrashers harvesters, bulldozers, transport, aerial spray etc, to be used in the farm sector. The increased use of modern inputs has increased the yield of crops per hectare. The increase in the income of the farmers has given boost to economic development in the country. 9. Easy to control industrial activity. The industrial activity compared to agricultural is easy to control. The industrial production can be expanded or cut down according to the price cost and demand of the product. 10. Large scope for technological progress. Industrialization provides larger scope for on the job training and technological progress. The use of advanced technology increases the scale of production, reduces cost of production, improves quality of the product and helps in widening of the market. 11. Reduction in the rate of population growth. Industrialization leads to migration of surplus labour from farm sector to  the industries mostly situated in urban centers. In cities improved facilities of sanitation and health care are available. People through the adoption of family planning measures, reduce the rate of population growth. 12. Increased saving and investment. Industrialization increases the income of the workers. It enhances their capacity to save. The voluntary savings, stimulate industrial growth and by cumulative effect lead to further expansion of industry. 13. Provision for defense. If a country is industrialized, it can manufacture arms and ammunition necessary for the defense of the country. A nation which depends on other countries for the supply of ammunition will eventually suffer and may face defeat. The two wars with India should be an eye opener for Pakistan. 14. Lesser pressure on land. The establishment and expansion of industries lessens the excessive pressure of labour force from the agriculture sector. 15. Development of markets. With the development of industries the market for raw materials and finished goods widens in the country. 16. Increase in the Government revenue.  Industrialization increase the supply of goods both for internal and external markets. The export of goods provides foreign exchange. The customs excise duties and other taxes levied on the production of goods increase the revenue of the State. The income tax received from the industrialists adds to the revenue stream of the Government which eventually is spent for the welfare of the people as a whole.

Narrative Essay About Grandmother Passing Away.

Forever Remembered I knew that after walking into room 113 my life was going to be changed. I saw nurses saying, â€Å"sorry†, familiar faces with tears falling fast from their eyes, and arms opening wide for hugs. I knew something was wrong as I saw her lying still in her bed, eyes closed, and arms crossed over her stomach. Grandma Dorothy’s second stroke had slowly taken her life. Later, I wake up to my dad flicking my bedroom light on and him standing tall in my doorway. I could tell by the way he looked at me he didn’t want today to come.He slowly walked to my bedside and crawled into bed with me. I had never seen my dad cry before so I did what any ten year old would do, I wrapped my small arms around his neck and cried with him. â€Å"I love you Daddy. † Now, August 9th was the day we all dreaded, the funeral. I had never been to a funeral before; this was all new to me. People were dressed in black handing out tissues and saying small prayers for my family. I watched some man I had never seen before speak such honest words about my grandmother.Now, this man had said something I knew I’d never forget, â€Å"her golden heart stopped beating, hardworking hands go to rest, god broke our hearts to prove to us he only takes the best. † He brought so much emotion to this wide crowd of people; there were happy tears, sad tears, happy smiles, sad smiles, happy memories, and sad memories. He said, â€Å"Now today we remember the life of Dorothy Edna Callahan,† as he slowly lowered the casket six feet below the ground.My dad slowly bent down and wrapped his muscular arms around me, almost crushing my red rose. I said, â€Å"I’m going to miss her so much daddy, why did she have to go? † He whispered back, â€Å"It’s going to be alright Casey I’ll miss her too but she’s in a better place now. † I walked away slowly, tears falling fast from my eyes, a red rose in one hand and my dad’s in the other. After today I knew I was going to remember my Grandmother forever.

Negotiation Communication - Article Review Essay

Matthew A. Hudnall Negotiations and Communications Part One Article Review Amberton University Negotiation Skills MGT5193.E1 Dr. Timothy Staley Fall 2010 All communication is cultural, suggests the article by Liangguang Huang. Professionals at every skill level are asked to communicate with a number of different cultures in today’s business world. The virtual business world continues to grow and reach parts of the globe that otherwise would have remained untouched. From the time we are born and become aware of the world around us we learn both verbal and non-verbal forms of communication. Chinese companies now do business with†¦show more content†¦Knowing with whom you are dealing with is half of the battle. Showing respect and a genuine regard for another’s culture is the first step in reducing a negotiating blunder. In an increasingly globalized workplace, the ability to communicate effectively across cultures is important. The quality of communication experienced by individuals plays a significant role in the outcomes of intercultural interactions, such as cross-border negotiations. The article points out issues that are important and obvious. I think people tend to get caught up in their day-to-day lives and forget that not everyone does things the same way as â€Å"we† do. Perspective has a lot to do with this. I, for one, have had the opportunity to travel the world and meet many different people. I have fought in a war, been to numerous countries, and spent time with people of different cultures. What this article fails to mention is that some of the issues in negotiating with different cultures is happening right under our noses in the United States. I have witnessed what can happen, for example, when a person from Florida tries to communicate with someone from the North East. The key variables that affect effective negotiation and communication are the same across the board, however, whether you are trying to communicate across the Atlantic or across the Mason Dixon Line. Something as simple as a hand shake can be taken the wrong way depending on the culture.Show MoreRelatedNegotiation in Contract Management772 Words   |  3 PagesNegotiation in Contract Management Its hard to think of the negotiation process as anything other than a hindrance, but try to view it as an opportunity to identify problems, deal with those issues and lay the foundation upon which the relationship can grow and prosper in the long term. (Computerworld, 2004). Introduction Negotiating contracts in a management setting requires more than just knowledge of the market, factual backup materials, and chutzpah. According to the sources presentedRead MoreThe International Business Negotiations Influenced By Chinese And American Cultures And Differences743 Words   |  3 Pages Discussion on the international business negotiations influenced by Chinese and American cultures and differences Jialin Zhao CMN6060 Professor Stephen Novick October 26, 2016 Abstract Cultural negotiations are business negotiations with different cultural conditions. Under the background of economic globalization and international economic integration, the business ties between countries are becoming more and more closely. In order to avoid cultural conflicts, it is important to understandRead MoreCase Study962 Words   |  4 PagesNegotiation Strategies Articles Analysis University of Phoenix MGT/445 April , 2011 the Electronic Reserve Readings link for the course, the Internet, or other resources to find at least two articles that describe a negotiation situation that employs different negotiation strategies. Describe the negotiation processes used in your selected articles. Compare and contrast those two strategies and how they might apply in your work setting. NegotiationRead MoreThe Worlds Largest Eyewear Company1402 Words   |  6 Pagescontextual influences, the communicatory processes, negotiation expectations, and communicatory responses. Early negotiations in careers are vital, the outcome of early negotiations determine the long-term financial well-being, overall career path, and the way employers view you from the very start. Therefore, by analyzing negotiations within Luxottica it will enable me to better understand the negotiation context in depth as well as strengthen my negotiation skills for future use. Luxottica, an ItalianRead MoreListening Is The Conscious Processing Of Auditory Stimuli Perceived Through Hearing865 Words   |  4 PagesDeveloping Interpersonal Skills Listening Listening is the conscious processing of auditory stimuli perceived through hearing. According the website skillsyouneed.com, adults spend upwards of 70% of our time in communication, of which 45% is listening. Active listening is essential in the business setting, from communicating with team members, customers or suppliers if you are not paying attention to what is being conveyed, you will miss vital information necessary to make a decision or provideRead MoreNetwork Product Development Company : Security Issue1280 Words   |  6 PagesIoT Integration in Network Product Development Company : Security issue –Critical Literature Review. Introduction: The Internet of Things (IoT) sometimes known as Internet of objects. Internet of Things later will change to Internet of Everything which includes education, communication, business, science, government, and humanity. The internet is one of the most important and powerful creations in human history (Evan, 2011). The high volumes of data generated by IoT and technologies for the similarRead MoreDefining Negotiation : Influencing Encompasses Persuading And Negotiating1443 Words   |  6 Pages Defining negotiation Influencing encompasses persuading and negotiating. A simple definition for negotiation is that it is a discussion between two parties to determine ways to reach agreement and gain mutual satisfaction. Like influencing, negotiation is based on the idea of exchange, in which both parties are willing to trade-off in order to find an acceptable solution. Five basic negotiation principles 1. Be hard on the problem and soft on the person 2. Focus on needs, not positions 3. EmphasizeRead MoreImportance of Communication in the Design Community Essay723 Words   |  3 PagesSome basic communication skills, can be broken into two categories; verbal and non verbal. Within a professional realm, whether talking/listening to a boss, coworker or client, there are appropriate speaking tones and pitch, informal conversation, formal conversation and formal presentation. When speaking to others, not only the spoken words formulate their evaluation and interpretation of what was just said, but also how the words were pronounced, the rhythm, emphasis, tone and pitch. BeforeRead MoreSummary : Be A Good Negotiator1272 Words   |  6 Pagescorrect approach to negotiation is to treat it as a trade. The author identifies two types of negotiation: 1.) Transaction (which represents the win/lose paradigm – very much evocative of the distributive negotiation method that is referred to in our reading, Strategies and Tactics of Distributive Bargaining); 2.) Relationship (evoking the more tempered approach in which the entities desire to maintain a good relationship, which is discussed in the same reading). Treating negotiations as a trade shiftsRead MoreObjectives of Comesa1650 Words   |  7 Pagesadministration of transport and communications to ease the movement of goods services and people between the countries. Creating an enabling environment and legal framework which will encourage the growth of the private sector, the establishment of a secure investment. These objectives have not been met as yet. Role of WTO The WTO was born out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was established in 1947. A series of trade negotiations, GATT rounds began at the