Essay On Travelers Who Have Changed History - 1410 Words

Travelers Who Have Changed History Before the 15th century, the growth of a kingdom was limited to how efficient a ruler can keep their expanding lands. Prior to this period, the only reason an explorer would travel would be to seize a nearby region, expand trading routes and supplies, or to seek spiritual wisdom. Despite the intentions to travel, some explorers failed, rulers lost their land, or lost respect of their native subjects. Although the dangerous aspect of traveling was obvious, this period was the start of the Age of Exploration, a coined term that glorified many explorers’ grand achievements. In reality, some explorers should have never been put on a special pedestal. These famous travelers are seen as admirable and†¦show more content†¦Rather than the King and Queen of Spain see him as a failure, he thought it would be wise to enslave the foreigners he found on the island to compensate for his mistake. This is demonstrated in his journal, The Voyage of C hristopher Columbus, restored and translated by John Cummins. In his journal, Columbus writes, â€Å"I thought, and still think, that people from the mainland come here to take them prisoner. They must be good servants, and intelligent, for I can see that they quickly repeat everything said to them. I believe they would readily become Christians; it appeared to me that they have no religion† (94). Christopher Columbus was ultimately known for stumbling on islands already discovered by previous explorers, killing the indigenous people, and for attempting to enslave them and bring them back to Spain as slaves to make a profit. To this day, he is known as an explorer wanting all the glory, prestige, and respect from everyone, but in reality, he was a cold-hearted man who did not mind taking credit where credit was not due. While there are countless explorers famous for their voyage in discovering uncharted territories, there are some travelers known for seeking religious and spiritual wisdom. In the 7th century, eight hundred years before the Age of Exploration, there was Xuanzang, a Chinese Buddhist monk, known for bridging the gap between Indian Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism. He did not receive the same kind of fameShow MoreRelated The Impact of Travel on the Evironment Essay example885 Words   |  4 PagesEvironment Human history has been defined by movement and expansion, as humans slowly moved throughout the globe. Even after humans had populated the entire world, humans continued to travel for many reasons: war, trade, adventure, and religion. It would seem that the human species is filled with inveterate travelers. Throughout history, those nations and civilizations that had the best modes of transportation seemed to have a real competitive advantage. The â€Å"northern barbarians† who savaged and conqueredRead MoreImpact Of Tourism On The Host Country1511 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent cultures closer. There are many places to go explore and learn about how other live in different countries. Tourism has allowed travelers to the world around them, however the impacts from tourism on the host country are not known by many of the travelers. Some of these impacts from tourism can be negatively affecting the host country and those travelers who do not educate themselves on where they are going are most likely contributing to the negative impact. The Kayan people are one of theRead MoreThe Importance Of The Colosseum1009 Words   |  5 PagesColosseum is a remarkable piece of architecture that has survived for over nearly two millenniums. It was commissioned by the Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty as a gift to the people of Rome and completed by his son, Titus in the year 70 A.D. (History, 2009). Since then, the Flavian Amphitheater has gone through lifetimes of changes with chronicles of events. It is one of the most impressive ancient structures that still stand today and is extraordinary because of a multitude of reasons. The Colosseum’sRead MoreAmbiguity of Characters in Franz Kafka’s ‘in the Penal Colony’ and ‘Waiting for the Barbarians’2395 Words   |  10 PagesIn terms of intertexuality, this essay will discuss the ambiguity of characters in Kafka’s ‘In The Penal Colony’ and Coetzeeâ€℠¢s ‘Waiting for The Barbarians’ in order to learn the significance of ambiguity and its effects on the readers. 1. Allegory: Historical Context In both novels, the story happens in a penal and a frontier in an unknown land at and unknown time. Therefore, the readers are tempted to look at the setting and time as an allegory of a history of some countries. In ‘In The PenalRead MoreAmbiguity of Characters in Franz Kafka’s ‘in the Penal Colony’ and ‘Waiting for the Barbarians’2411 Words   |  10 Pages In terms of intertexuality, this essay will discuss the ambiguity of characters in Kafka’s ‘In The Penal Colony’ and Coetzee’s ‘Waiting for The Barbarians’ in order to learn the significance of ambiguity and its effects on the readers. 1. Allegory: Historical Context In both novels, the story happens in a penal and a frontier in an unknown land at and unknown time. Therefore, the readers are tempted to look at the setting and time as an allegory of a history of some countries. In ‘In The PenalRead MoreBritish Women Travelers Of The 19th Century2344 Words   |  10 PagesThis research centers on British women travelers of the 19th century. It will go further into their role in influencing future generations and their impact on English culture and other cultures globally. The research on women travelers will touch on the controversy of gender barriers, receptions, influences, and cultural aspects. This research will emphasize on how women growth was affected by such gender barriers and on the rise of women’s advancement. The research will go further on and will alsoRead MoreDifferences Between American English And British English1134 Words   |  5 PagesDifferences between American English and British English Abstract As a language,English is widely used in the world. Its history is only about 6 hundreds years, which means it is a young language. With the development of America and British, the differences between American English and British English becomes more and more obvious. In this essay, I will analyze these differences in grammar, vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation. Key words: language, American English, British English, differencesRead MoreFlight And Smoke Signals Identity1214 Words   |  5 PagesRaven Blanchette LCS 381 Essay 1 October 12th, 2017 Flight and Smoke Signals Identity In the wake of a gruesome history of displacement and mutilation of sacred customs and beliefs, native adolescents struggle with cultural and internal identity crises. When European nations discovered an already inhabited territory, capturing, raping, and murdering tribal members, the peace and tranquility of native tribes were dismantled and smothered in colonialism destruction. Native Americans enabled andRead MoreMovie Analysis : Paul Haggis Academy Award Winning 2004 Film Crash Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagessteal the couples’ car. This only strengthens the woman’s assumptions about young black men, and non-white men in general. She later accuses the Hispanic man changing her locks of being a gang member and insists the locks be changed again—implying that it should be done by someone who isn’t so suspicious-looking, or rather, not white. This part of the film (as well as most others) is difficult to watch. As a viewer, one wants the characters to b reak out of their negative stereotypes, to throw away anyRead MoreThe Underground Railroad And Its Impact On American Culture1608 Words   |  7 PagesCoffin. It used as an escape for any slaves in the South. . The courageous people within the organization help to shape a new America. The course of this organization ultimately changed the course of American history. This legendary organization was known for many things, but in retrospect it help spark the civil war. To have a full understanding of it’s massive affects of American culture, one must start at its beginnings. Understanding the stories and it people that helped millions to gain America

The Fall Of The Roman Empire - 1110 Words

The Medieval Period was an important time in Europe which spanned for over 1000 years, beginning at the fall of the Roman Empire, in 476 CE and ending at the Renaissance in 1500 CE. The Middle Ages were divided into 3 eras, the Early Middle Ages (478 – 900 CE), High Middle Ages (900 – 1250 CE) and ending with the Late Middle Ages (1250 – 1500 CE), which was a time of fear and rapid population decrease caused by the black death. Throughout the Medieval Period there was major contact between societies, key beliefs in which influenced behaviour, significant people and technology or trade which have shaped the world we live in today. During the Middle Ages,interactions between cultures and people became very important for trade and war. The Roman Empire was founded in 27 CE and took over a massive expanse of the world, it spread over North Africa, Portugal, Britain and Iraq (from 117 CE). There were many reasons that lead to the fall of the Roman Empire. The main cau ses included a rapid decrease in population,land had become too large, war exhausted the empire and for the Empire to control and the wealth gap between the rich and poor was too vast. This resulted in the land dividing into smaller kingdoms. These kingdoms became the homes of the Anglo Saxons, Franks, Vikings and Celts in Western Europe. The contact between the groups and societies had varied impacts, sometimes it resulted in wars, other times more positive things like trade and conversation or a sense ofShow MoreRelatedFall of the Roman Empire1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pax Romana was a two hundred year time period where the Romans had peace and prosperity under Augustus. The Roman empire started to decline at the end of the prevail of the last five emperors, Marcus Aurelius in 161-180 A.D. The rulers in the next century had no idea how to deal with the problems the empire was having. There was many reasons to the fall of the Roman Empire but three stood out the most. The pre liminary reason was the economy begins to decline. The alternative reasoning was RomeRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1537 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Rome was an empire so dominant, wealthy and economically- stable which came to a dramatic fall in the period of 250AD- 500AD. Ancient Rome faced unexplained unfortunate events which crumbled the Great Empire from the affluent empire to a impoverished society. For centuries historians have timelessly theorised and analysed many debates and research in relation to the Fall of the Roman Empire. What really caused the predominate Roman Empire to fall? Did Rome fall naturally? Was disease, suchRead MoreFall of the Roman Empire758 Words   |  4 PagesTaylor Davino Professor Horsley HIS 126 3 March 2010 The fall of the Roman Empire Political, economic and social aspects were all involved in the fall of the Roman Empire. In 395 A.D., Rome was divided into two empires, with one capital in Rome and the other in Constantinople. During that time, the western Roman Empire was being invaded by barbarian tribes from the North. In 410, the Visigoth tribe succeeded in conquering the western capital in Rome. In 476, the western EmperorRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire was a powerful governing body of extensive political and social structures throughout western civilization. How did this empire fall and were internal factories responsible? Slow occurrences in succession to one another led to the fall of the empire rather than one single event. The fall of the Roman Empire was a combination of both internal and external pressures, not just one, leading up to the complete decay of the cities—Rome and Constantinople. However, one could argue how oneRead MoreThe Fall Of Ro man Empire1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fall of Roman Empire Roman Empire was considered as one of the most influential and dominant Empire in the history that has ever existed. â€Å"The Roman Empire at its zenith in the period of the Principate (roughly, 27 BC to AD 235) covered vast tracts of three continents, Europe, Africa, and Asia† (Garnsey). It was an ancient, modern Empire, and it supported anyone who made discoveries and technological improvements. The Empire was the strongest governing body in the Mediterranean. If the RomanRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1440 Words   |  6 PagesSophie Loren Plays a Leading Role in the Fall of the Roman Empire? The reason for the fall of the Roman Empire is a controversial topic under much historical debate. How did such a great empire, known for being one of the largest that lasted over a millennium, fall? The Roman Empire transitioned from a republic to an empire in 31 BCE. Augustus Caesar was the first emperor. He created harmony in Rome, but not in calendars as he added August as the eighth month to follow July, which was named afterRead MoreFall of Roman Empire1175 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fall of the Roman Empire The Ancient Roman empire was one of the most prominent and successful societies of its time period. By the end of their reign, the Romans had conquered almost all of the Mediterranean including parts of present day Europe, Asia, and Africa. Rome was at its strongest during the rule of Augustus Caesar, this time was known as the â€Å"Pax Romana† or Roman peace. It wasn’t until later, when Emperor Trajan took over in about 98 C.E. that the Empire reached its peak. AfterRead MoreThe Fall of the Roman Empire609 Words   |  3 PagesThe Fall of the Roman Empire There are adherents to single factors, but more people think Rome fell because of a combination of such factors as Christianity, and economy, and military problems. Even the rise of Islam is proposed as the reason for Romes fall, by some who think the Fall of Rome happened at Constantinople in the 15th Century. Most people think it occurred during the fifth century, after the western division of the empire. There were several reasons for the fall of the Roman EmpireRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1438 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire was one of the most powerful empires in the history of mankind. In 476 CE Odoacer defeated Romulus Augustus to capture Rome; most historians agree that this was the official end of the Western Roman Empire. There is much debate on how exactly Rome declined and eventually fell. The fall of Rome was a long process that took place over many centuries. There are five main schools of thought on why Rome fell. First, Christianity, offered by Edward Gibbons; He suggests that ChristianityRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1495 Words   |  6 PagesFor a long period of time, the debate about the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire has been a popular topic amongst historians. Most of these historians look at the issue from a standpoint that accepts that there were most likely several causes. The main root of the issue is whether or not these causes were internal or external. Some historians even go more in depth and try to hypothesize what the internal or external causes were. In fact, Adrian Goldsworthy and Peter Heather do just this when

Mrs Birling free essay sample

Mrs Birling is one of the principle characters in An inspector calls – she is used to portray the idealistic views held by the upper-class at the time. Mrs Birling is presented by Priestly as the body of Capitalism – by portraying her in a negative light allows the reader to draw assumptions between the negative characteristics portrayed by Mrs Birling and the negative aspects of a capitalist society, which is what Priestly intended to do. Our first impressions of Mrs Birling come from the following quote used to describe her, A rather cold woman, the use of the word cold suggests a lack of emotion – of substance there, which is strange considering her life is initially put across to the reader as a vision of perfection full of desert plates and champagne glasses, This immediately sets the tone for the rest of the play as here as Priestly suggests here that some people fail to see what is directly in front of them – Mrs Birling is so focused on conforming to her stereotypical upper-class title that she doesnt appreciate the riches that she already has. The notion of maintaining a certain image is developed further by Priestly when we see Mrs Birlings embarrassment when her husband complements the cook, Arthur, youre not supposed to say such things-’ Her life is governed by her notion of correctness – as soon as someone behaves in a way which does not live up to their social expectations in society – she reprimands them. This expresses her narrow-mindedness as there is no flexibility here to step out of this stereotype – Priestly does this to portray the idea that in a capitalist society you are in a sense trapped as there is no escaping these idealistic views thrust upon you from a very early stage which also implies that Mrs Birling is a product of her capitalist upbringing. This introduces Ouspenkys theory to the play which suggests that after death we will re-enter our lives in a continuous cycle of the same events from birth which will continue until a significant change is made – then the cycle will stop as allow you to escape from the repetitions. Priestley uses this to represent Mr and Mrs Birling as here he states that they are continually going around in this cycle as they are incapable of making a significant change to break this cycle – which also portrays a key theme represented in the play of the notion of change which is un-welcomed by the older generations. However this could also interpret that this cycle will continue for generations to come – as these same capitalist views will be carried on by Sheila and Gerald. This idea of cyclic events could have also been used by Priestley to convey a sense of repetition of the same mistakes being made in society at the time. As the play develops Mrs Birling insists on criticising the speech of others which is shown by her disapproval towards Sheila in using the word squiffy – here Mrs Birling is surprised to hear Sheila use such words, stating What an expression, Sheila! Her response to this shows how oblivious she is to everything around her as she genuinely believes that her Sheila is better than this. However she follows this by ,Arthur, what about this toast of yours? she immediately changes the subject here as Eric states, if you think thats the best she can do She refuses to accept anything other than perfection from her children so when she is faced with less than this she dismisses it – which is also the attitude she has towards Eva Smith as she is not at all accepting of her. This shows just how narrow-minded she is which Priestly uses to voice his opinion of capitalism as he feels that all capitalists are reflection of Mrs Birling – narrow minded and arrogant. Mrs Birling is portrayed by Priestly as petty as she refuses Eva Smith help from her charity simply due to the fact that she claimed her name was, Mrs Birling. Here Priestly uses one of the seven deadly sins to describe Mrs Birling – anger. Here she was so consumed by her anger It was simply a piece of gross impertinence, so she used her power as chairmen of the charity to have her case refused. This also portrays one of themes presented through out the play of the power held by the rich over the poor – as here Mrs Birling abuses her position as chairmen of the committee and has Eva Smith turned out simply because of her own personal feelings. This also allows the reader to question why she is even a member of this charity as she does not come across in the slightest way charitable – its almost as though she is a member of this charity so she can look down on others as a source of enjoyment to reinforce her position of power in society. Mrs Birling shows no remorse for her actions – claiming , I consider I did y duty, and Ive done simply nothing wrong, here she refuses to take even the slightest bit of responsibility in the death of Eva Smith which suggests one of the themes used by Priestly of the notion of change in the older and younger generation. Mrs Birling who is part of the older generation is so set in her capitalist ways that she can not see be yond this and so is not capable of taking any responsibility for the actions of another person. This is developed further as we see Mrs Birling, under pressure, trying to shift the blame onto the drunken young idler that her pregnant. Priestley deals with Mrs Birling by having her fall into a trap that she has created for herself as she is confronted with the knowledge that Eric is a hard drinker and the father of the dead woman’s child , I dont believe it. I wont believe it. Here Steinbeck uses italics for the word wont again showing how even after learning that she is to blame for the death of the own grandchild she still wont accept the truth – which highlights the position of society at the time, as Priestly suggests here that society wont change despite the need to – just like Mrs Birling. The way in which Mrs Birling is trapped could also be interpreted as situational irony as the reader knows she would not apply the same standards to her own family as she states the father of Evas child should be dealt with very severely, yet Eric is condemned by her words. At the end of the play we say Mrs Birling unchanged as she learns it was all a hoax she seems relived and amused and cannot see a reason why the family should not carry on as before. At the end of the play Mrs Birlings final line , Theyre over tired. In the morning theyll be as amused as we are. is followed after Sheila and Eric stating that the family cant continue as before but here, as in the beginning of the play, Mrs Birling dismisses it. Priestly did this to emphasise the fact that she is completely unchanged by the inspector and will continue to live her life in this cycle of events as she refuses to make a significant change.

Mariachi Music Research Paper Essay Essay Example

Mariachi Music Research Paper Essay Paper Mariachi music originated in Jalisco. Mexico. It is said it began in the town of Cocula. It is a version of theatrical orchestra. it includes fiddles. harp and guitars which developed in and around Jalisco. It began in the nineteenth century. and is still popular today. The Violin is apart of a Mariachi ensemble. it is a string instrument. It is 4 stringed and the smallest. highest-pitched member of the threading household. The intent of the fiddle in mariachi music is to complement cornet tunes. The most of import component of this manner of playing to utilize the full bow. The Vihuela besides plays a major function in a Mariachi ensemble. The Vihuela is an instrument that is fundamentally two different guitars pealing instruments. The one played in the Mariachi set is from the nineteenth century. It has 5 strings and originated from Mexico. There is another 1 from the 15th and sixteenth century. that one originated in Spain. That specific Vihuela typically had 12 strings. The Guitarron is a really big. deep bodied Mexican 6- twine acoustic bass. It is similar to the guitar developed from the sixteenth century. The Guitarron is typically played by duplicating notes by octave. The Guitarron is used to maintain the round and other instruments together. We will write a custom essay sample on Mariachi Music Research Paper Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mariachi Music Research Paper Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mariachi Music Research Paper Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The cornet is apart of the brass household. it has the highest registry out of all the other instruments. It is played by blowing air threw closed lips. The cornet replaced the horn in the mariachi set. now there is normally two huntsmans horns in a mariachi set. The cornet combination in mariachi was popularized in the 1950s. There are many features to mariachi sets. The signifiers found in mariachi music are. the most of import component of the manner. Mariachi vocal signifiers ( such as the bolero. cancion ranchera. boy. huapango. joropo. and danzon ) are ever the rhythmic forms that are performed by the guitar subdivision of the group. There is besides singing involved in mariachi music. For illustration. the â€Å"grito mexicano† . a cry that is done at musical interludes during a vocal. either by the instrumentalists and the listening audience. Like of that would be the mariachi participants singing â€Å"AY YA YAY YA! †

How to Sex Pet Millipedes

How to Sex Pet Millipedes Because millipedes breed easily in captivity, its a good idea to know the gender of any millipedes you keep together in one terrarium. If you dont want a large number of millipedes to care for, choose millipedes of just one gender, or dont mix males and females together. Its fairly easy to tell the difference, if you know how to sex pet millipedes. Male millipedes have gonopods in place of their legs, usually on their 7th body segment from the head. The gonopods are modified legs used for transferring the spermatophore to the female. In some millipede species, the gonopods are visible, while in others they are hidden. In either case, you should be able to identify a millipede as male by examining the underside of the 7th segment. For species in which the male gonopods are visible, you will see two small stumps in place of a pair of legs. If the gonopods are hidden, you should notice a gap where the legs would be, as compared to any other segment on the body. In females, the 7th segment will look just like all the others, with two pairs of legs. For more on keeping millipedes as pets, read my Guide to Caring for Pet Millipedes.

Create Your Own Tree Leaf Exhibit or Collection

Create Your Own Tree Leaf Exhibit or Collection The thrill of correctly identifying trees can be enhanced by properly collecting leaves to make a tree leaf collection and then mounting them in an exhibit. Some properly prepared collections have survived for over a century in botanical sections of museums. Obviously, the best time to collect green leaves is early in the leafing season but not so early that immature leaves can confuse the collector. The months of June and July provide the best leaf samples but you can find great leaf samples throughout the summer. To make a fall color collection you have to collect the leaf in autumn. I have seen many beautiful fall color collections. Collecting the Leaves for a Tree Leaf Collection When selecting leaves for your collection, avoid leaves damaged by insects, disease or the environment. Try to select leaves of about the same size and shape as a majority of the leaves on the tree. Make sure that the complete leaf is collected. Remember, simple leaves have only one blade or leaflet. Compound leaves have several to many leaflets. You must know these two leaf characteristics. Please review parts of a tree if you need more help on tree leaf and twig structures. Good leaf collections include the entire leaf attached to a small part of the twig with a lateral or terminal bud. The collected leaves should be handled carefully before being placed in a leaf press (more on this later) for final drying. Leaf specimens can be protected while collecting in the field by placing them between the pages of a magazine. All specimens should be removed from this temporary magazine press as soon as possible and placed in a leaf press. You should have identified and noted each leaf name and these names should follow the specimen until it is exhibited. Pressing Leaves Before leaves are prepared for the collection, they need to undergo a final drying and preserving process which can take up to six weeks. The best way to do this is by using a leaf press. The press not only preserves much of the leafs color and shape, it also reduces moisture to a point where mold and spoilage is minimized. Students given an assignment to make a leaf collection generally dont have weeks to prepare a collection. However, you must dedicate at least three to five days of press time for each leaf depending on its size and moisture content. Leaf exhibits become more attractive as the length of pressing time is extended. Although I recommend you use a real leaf press for best results, there is a low cost method used to press leaves. This method requires no special equipment and is outlined below. The method does demand a lot of space, a flat surface, and a tolerant family. Select a flat area on the floor, desk, or tabletop in a room with good air circulation.Prepare necessary sheets of unfolded newspaper adequate for the number of leaves you have collected. You want several paper thicknesses per layer between each pressing.Place the fresh leaf specimen(s) to be pressed on the first sheet layers. Be careful not to let leaves overlap or wrinkle by overcrowding. Then simply use additional layers of paper between more pressings.Cover the top and final layer of newspaper with stiff cardboard or plywood, which has been cut to the same size as the paper.Place sufficient weight (books, bricks, etc.) on top of the plywood/cardboard to press leaves flat and hold them in position. Exhibiting the Leaves These collected dried leaves are brittle and do not withstand repeated handling or rough treatment. You should keep the leaves in the press until time to mount them on the exhibit board (if that is what you are using). To preserve the beauty of the collection and add strength to the leaves, a clear plastic or acrylic spray finish may be added to them. To do this: Place leaves flat on a piece of newspaper or butcher paper.Apply the spray in a thin coat to the leaf surface.Allow leaves to dry completely between coats and before handling.Turn leaves over and apply a thin coat of acrylic spray to the underside of the leaf.Handle sprayed leaves only after they have dried completely. Either mount your entire collection on an exhibit board or place each leaf on a separate sheet of poster board or art paper (all cut to a size which will hold the largest leaf). Prepare the leaf for mounting by applying several drops of clear-drying glue to the back, place the leaf on the mounting surface and place weight on leaf until dry. Add an attractive label to each leaf and you are done! In the very least you should have included both the common tree name and the scientific name to each specimen (ex: Sweetgum or Liquidambar styraciflua).

Critical Thinking in Marketing Literature review

Critical Thinking in Marketing - Literature review Example A firm on the other hand is defined as a commercial organization, which provides services and products to consumers with expectations of getting profits in return. Market orientation is widely utilized in contemporary marketing. It entails analyzing competitors’ strategies and their impact on the public. Firms should redirect all resources toward achieving a common goal to ensure success of the market orientations. Marketing orientation mainly focuses on supplying products, which are made according to the needs, requirements, and desire of the customers in question. According to Jaworski &Kohli (1993), marketing orientation is firm’s generation of intelligence based on market strategies and focus on the need of the customers. The customers’ demands are either future or current. The intelligence should be disseminated to all other departments in the firm and the company of firm should be able to respond to it. During the industrial revolution to around sixty years ago, companies’ focus was based on utilizing the economies of scale and decreasing the cost of production. Products of high quality were less available during such periods and the firms’ main point of focus was to produce products in large quantities. Marketing elements such as design were ignored. The changes were due to the rise of capitalism created by the increasing number of middle class. After the Second World War, the markets became saturated with all types of products. The selling of the products declined. However, the companies adopted a model that focused on the making products and then supplying them to consumers, the model was called sales orientation (Harris, 2008). Despite the changes in strategies, customers were not involved in the process of developing products. Early 1970s Theodore Levitt a Harvard professor with other academicians criticized the sales orientation model and argued that

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Human Resources - Essay Example Strategic planning determines the general goals as well as objectives in an organization. Secondly there will be a need for human resource planning since it helps in determining whether there will be many workers, that is surplus or shortage of or enough employees to attain organizational objectives. In case there are few workers, the educational institution will have to recruit more workers (Brown, 2011; Tyson, 2012). Various alternatives can be used in the recruitment process, for instance, outsourcing as well as contingency workers. Before the education institution commences the recruitment process, they need to have guidelines on the recruitment process, referred to as policies and procedures that need to be adhered in the recruitment process. The organization will have to streamline the recruitment process. The institution has to avoid misunderstandings that can result in the workforce being dissatisfied. Recruitment of personnel does not happen in a vacuum since it is influenced by various factors in the organization and the environment (Tyson, 2012). Government regulations have to be considered when recruiting employees in the institution. The government has regulations that in most cases ensure that all the employees are treated in fair manner, and there is no discrimination basing on gender, race or disability among others. Adhering to the government regulation will help in ensuring that the institution operates in a manner that will ensure it does not have wrangles with the government for not adhering to its regulations. Government regulations set out the minimum wage for employees. When recruiting this factor has to be considered since the institution needs to pay its employees according to the set standards. Therefore, the institution has to ensure that the number of new employees hired is capable of paying (Brown, 2011). As mentioned before, an organization has to ensure that it adheres to its strategic plans when

Development system Essay Example for Free

Development system Essay Over much of the twentieth century, the foremost edges of economic development and growth were mainly identifiable with sectors distinguished by varying degrees of mass production, as expressed in large-scale machine systems and an unrelenting drive to product standardization and cost cutting. all through the mass-production era, the dominant sectors evolved through a progression of technological and organizational changes focused above all on process routinization and the exploration for internal economies of scale. These features are not particularly conducive to the injection of high levels of aesthetic and semiotic content into final products. Certainly, in the 1930s and 1940s many commentators with supporters of the Frankfurt School (Adorno, 1991; Horkheimer, 1947) being among the most vocal expressed grave misgivings concerning the steady incursion of industrial methods into the globe of the cultural economy and the concomitant tendency for multifarious social and emotive content to be evacuated from forms of popular cultural production. These doubts were by no means out of place in a framework where much of commercial culture was focused on an enormously narrow approach to entertainment and disruption, and in which the powerful forces of the nation-state and nationalism were bend in considerable ways on creating mass proletarian societies. The specific problems raised by the Frankfurt School in regard to popular commercial culture have in definite respects lost some of their urgency as the economic and political bases of mass production have given way before the changes guided in over the late 1970s and early 1980s, when the new economy started its ascent. This is not to say that the modern cultural economy is not associated with a number of staid social and political predicaments. Although it is also the case that as commercial cultural production and consumption have developed in the major capitalist societies over the last few decades, so our aesthetic and ideological judgments concerning their underlying meanings have lean to shift. The rise of post-modern social and cultural theory is one significant expression of this development. Creative Industries Policy and the Reason of Shift in Terminology â€Å"The idea that cultural or creative industries might be regenerative was the result of changes in the cultural-industries landscape that were themselves in part the product of cultural policy shifts – when cultural policy is understood in the wider sense, to include media and communications† . One other key aspect also goes unnoticed in Hesmondhalghs book, which is that the sector itself, the ostensible object of both academic and policy discourse does not distinguish itself in the term cultural industries at least not instantly. Some are simply unaware of how their activities relay to a range of disparate occupations and businesses. Some are clear in their refusal of the terminology and the company with which they are thus grouped. Certainly, one of the key arguments of the policy advocates is that this sector lacks a essential voice, it needs to convey its demands, needs to become self-conscious as a sector, needs to present itself with the consistency of other economic groups, needs, therefore, to co-operate in its own building as policy object (OConnor, 1999a). If an necessary part of this discursive operation is the dismantling of fixed oppositions between economics as well as culture then this has to be about the self-perception, individuality (and identification) of cultural producers the inculcation or adoption of a new kind of what Nigel Thrift calls embodied performative knowledge but can as well be seen as a form of habitus (OConnor, 1999a, 2000b). â€Å"The notion of culture is constructed through a number of intersecting discourses providing particular means of mobilising the notion and defining its object. These discourses are selectively emphasized to frame cultural (industries) policies† . The cultural industries discourse then is not just policy making but is part of a wider shift in governance, and needs a new set of self-understandings as part of the key skills in a new cultural economy (OConnor, 2000b). In this sense those apprehensive to advocate cultural industry strategies could be seen as a species of cultural intermediaries.

The Fundamental Challenges of Resource Allocation :: Essays Papers

The Fundamental Challenges of Resource Allocation The budget is a crucial factor in library management. Automation, continuing education, information technology, materials acquisition, personnel salaries, and public relations necessitate funding. Each of these resources is important for any library that wishes to provide excellent services to its employees and patrons. Unfortunately because of poor resource allocation, many library services are phased out or severely cut back. This directly affects the efficiency of the library and also lowers the satisfaction level of the user. There are many ways of how budgets affect a library. A prime example is in the area of personnel salaries. Oftentimes committees have been established to study and implement salary setting policies. However, it can be difficult to gauge the many factors that need to be considered when determining salary issues. Examples of these factors include experience, education qualifications such as an MLS degree or beyond, and the economic situation in the country at the time coupled with the determination of salaries based upon other library institutions (Williams, D.E.. and Garten E.D. 1999). Additionally, the budget can affect both materials acquisition and information technology in the library. The cost effectiveness of certain collections of materials should be considered. For example, government documents are often inexpensive to purchase in contrast to some journals or periodical subscriptions (Smith, D.H. 1993). One must also consider possible sources for the acquisition of materials. Budgeting needs to be taken into consideration when considering how much funding should be allocated for purchasing the material and how much reliance should be placed on donations. The efficiency and cost effectiveness of new technology must also be examined. For example one must consider automatic checkout as compared to circulation checkout. Another consideration that affects IT technology is what operating system the server will utilize to host the World Wide Web. Many libraries use UNIX based information systems to operate their client server network. Continuing education for library employees is another factor that is dependent upon the budget. Different education programs bring with them different costs. These include both money and time. When creating the budget it's important to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of each program. Public relations also are related to the budget. Certain allocations of funds need to be made by the library to market its services to the public. Visibility is important for the library so that people know where it is and what materials it has.

Race, Gender, & Mass Media

Honestly when I signed up for this class at the end of last year I was kind of looking forward to it. When I heard the name of the class I thought it would be very interesting and give me a new perspective on the world and my place in it. To me, this class will be about how the media portrays the genders and races of the world; how the advertisements we see in our everyday lives affect the way we go about them.I would like to think that I know a little bit about this subject already. I watch the news and try to stay up to date on current events. I know about the rioting in Ferguson and I think I have basic knowledge of why it's happening. The media plays a huge part in what the public sees so unless we are actually there we don't know the whole situation. In this class I hope to learn a lot more about how the media can obstruct the truth in these circumstances. I also hope to learn more about how the media portrays genders.I know it has a lot to do with gender roles, white men are se en as more dominant. I also know that women are not looked upon as equals even in 2014. The media shows women as dependent on men when in fact that is not true. There are plenty of independent and thriving women in today's society. Women are not as respected as men and they are often times paid less, offered less benefits, and discriminated simply because â€Å"they are women†. I know that in America and a lot of the world we are a society of rape culture.Women are taught not to dress specific says and to learn to defend themselves while men are not taught anything on the subject. I have seen rape Jokes on social media more than once and can't begin to understand why someone would think that something so serious is a Joke. It blows my mind that girls can be denied education because they are showing their shoulders. How can that be more important than education and why are boys not punished for looking? I hope to learn a lot more about the gender area of the media because as a woman, it affects me in my everyday life.Mass media has a huge effect on the perception of race as well. Black males are often made out to be vicious and dangerous, Mexicans are seen as dirty and poor, and no one cares enough to distinguish the different branches of Asian nationality; they are all grouped together as â€Å"Chinese† or â€Å"Japanese†. When a white person commits a crime, what the news stations air is completely different than what they would air if a person of different race committed the same crime. A huge example of this and one that I already mentioned is the riots in Ferguson.I hope that in this class I learn why inequality like this is still happening in modern day society. Basically in this class I hope to learn a lot more about the way our society sees gender and race in areas such as the media. Out of all my classes this year this is the only one I really look forward to, and not Just because my friends are in it, but because I'm interested in the content of the class. Hopefully I learn a lot this year about subjects that matter in today's society.

British Petroleum (BP): SWOT and BP Porter Five Forces Analysis †Essay

SWOT and Porter Five Forces Analysis of British Petroleum (BP)our site Sample Essay – Need Help Writing an Essay Contact us Today. Student Submitted Essays!our site Sample Essay – AbstractBP Porter Five Forces – BP Plc is one of the leading oil and gas companies in the world operating in more than 80 countries and serving close to 13 million customers. The company was ranked third in the FTSE 100 all share index ranking as at the close of 31st August, 2014 with a market capitalization of 82,093.2, million US Dollars. BP’s major strengths include strong brand recognition, massive financial capability, excellent corporate strategy, and the ability to innovate. Global reduction in the production of crude oil and natural gas, poor disaster management and inability to implement long-term regulatory mechanisms are the company’s key weaknesses. The company has the opportunity to invest in alternative energy even though it faces significant competition from key rivals such as Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon Mobil and Chevron. BP Porters Five Forces Analysis of BP reveal low threat of new entrants and substitutes, medium bargaining power of both buyers and suppliers, and high rivalry among existing competitors. To remain competitive, the company should increase strategic investment in R&D, negotiate with governments and other firms to exploit emerging markets, rebuild its brand value and streamline its production and business operation.our site Sample Essay – IntroductionFounded in 1908, British Petroleum (BP) is one of the leading oil and gas companies in the world. The company operations in more than 80 countries, has over 83,900 employees and serves over 13 million customers globally (BP Plc, 2014). The company provides customers with oil and gas products, fuel for transportation, petrochemical products and energy for light and heat. With a market capitalization of 82,093.2, million US Dollars, BP was ranked third in the FTSE 100 al l share index ranking as at the close of 31st August, 2014 (Stock Challenge, 2012). BP’s interests and activities can be categorised into two core business segments: Refining and Marketing and Exploration and Production. The Exploration and Production segments cover upstream and midstream activities which include exploration, production, pipelining, and processing. Refining and Marketing segments cover downstream activities such as crude oil transportation, manufacturing, marketing and supply of both petrochemical and petroleum products and services (BP Plc. 2014).our site Sample Essay – BP SWOT AnalysisBP’s key strengths are its strong brand recognition and massive financial capability. Being the third largest energy company in the world, it is globally acknowledged for high quality petroleum products. Additionally, with an expected total operating cash flow of 2014 at $30 billion, the company’s strong financial position gives it the opportunity to introduce new products, develop alternative energy, and expand to new markets (Reuters, 20 14). Regarded as one of the best in the world, the company’s corporate strategy is also a notable strength. This, coupled with its strong brand loyalty, enabled it to emerge from the devastating deepwater horizon oil spill of 2010 (Reuters, 2014). The company’s ability to innovate and enter into strategic ventures with other governments and corporations in new markets is another key strength. In 2013, BP entered into a strategic alliance with both China and the US to provide alternative solar energy to a number of government agencies. A global reduction in the production of crude oil and natural gas is a key weakness of the company. Poor public image as a result of the North Alaska and deep-water oil spills also led to serious challenges for the company. Not only did it face criminal charges, it spent an estimated $42.2 billion in cleanup and compensation (Reuters, 2014). Another key weakness is its non-competitiveness in the alternative energy sector. Despite being a major player in the oil industry, majority of consumers are still unaware of the company’s involvement in alternative energy (Bamberg, 2000). The inability to implement long-term regulatory mechanism to cushion it from the highly volatile petroleum prices is also a key weakness of the company. BP’s profits and its current strong financial position present an opportunity for the company to initiate new projects. The company’s biggest opportunity is investing in alternative energy. The BP Solar Home Solutions initially introduced in New York can be expanded into other regions especially within the American and European markets. This will guarantee the company more customers who prefer the less costly solar energy. The company also has an opportunity to expand its export markets to Asia and South America. Discoveries of more oil wells and increasing prices of oil and gas are additional opportunities that the company can take advantage of (Smith, 2011). Major players in the oil and gas industry especially the Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon Mobil, and Chevron pose the greatest threat to BP. The implementation of environmentally unsound policy and poor management of natural disasters such as the toxic spills often disrupt the company’s operation (Bruland, 2003). Other threats include, corrosion in BP’s pipeline network, occasional refinery explosions, multiple lawsuits emanating from ecological disasters and the continued sale of BP’s corporate owned stations. Declining operations in several potential locations and the tensions associated with operating in the oil business are also potential threats (Black, 2011).our site Sample Essay – BP Porter Five Forces – AnalysisPorter (1980, p. 80) outlines the five forces model to analyze an organization’s competitiveness. These include threats of entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threats of substitutes and rivalry among e xisting competitors. The oil and gas industry in which BP operates traditionally require massive financial investments in very expensive infrastructure. Huge capital investment is necessary to cover expenses such as building pipelines, drilling wells, building access roads and acquiring land. BP has an asset value of $236.0 billion (Honnungar, 2011). Considering the cost of market entry and economies of scale in the industry, the threat of new entrance is low. There are a number of substitute products such as hydroelectricity, nuclear energy, coal, wind power and solar energy. However, most are still in the developmental phase, besides, the cost of production of substitute products is often extremely high. The importance of oil in fuelling cars, running industries and generating electricity makes it essential and useful to sectors of the economy (Ferrier, 2009). Threats of substitutes are therefore, low since alternative products are less competitive. The oil and gas industry have considerable number of suppliers ranging from private corporations to governments. There are also a number of potential buyers similar to BP. Besides, BP’s vertical integration in its operations is similar to that of its key competitors (Stiel, 2003). The bargaining power of suppliers is consequently rated as medium. The products offered by players in the oil and gas industry are often not much different from those offered by their competitors. As a result, buyers tend to choose products with either lower prices or that have better terms. On the flipside, buyers are many; hence even if a cross section chooses to use the products of their competitors, BP’s operations would not be greatly impacted. The bargaining power of buyers can therefore be regarded as medium. Finally, the oil and gas industry is dominated by huge corporations that produce a number of low differentiated products (Stiel, 2003). Key competitors such as Chevron, Total and Royal Dutch Shell have established well recognized brands with significant client base. This implies that BP and its competitors have all adapted a vertical integration of similar range of products. These factors coupled with low threats of both substitutes and new entrants make competitive rivalry high (Uph, 2010).our site Sample Essay – Conclusi on and RecommendationsBP is as a major corporation with significant financial backing that can be used to venture into alternative energy research to boost its manufacturing capacity and increase its global presence. The SWOT and Porter’s five forces analyses indicates that, the oil and gas industry’s major players are well established conglomerates with massive financial resources hence high level of competitive rivalry. The attractiveness of the industry makes both the powers of buyers and that of suppliers’ medium while the threat of substitute and new entrance low. BP should increase its strategic investment in R&D in order to maximize production and exploit new markets. It should also negotiate with governments and other firms in order to exploit emerging markets such as China. The company should also consider rebuilding its brand value thereby regaining its image adversely affected by the recent oil spill crisis (Honnungar, 2011). Finally, the company should streamline its business operations and production to gain competitive advantage over major rivals.ReferencesBamberg, J. H. (2000). British Petroleum and Global Oil: 1950-1975: The Challenge Of Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bruland, K. (2003). British technology and European industrialization: the Norwegian textile Industry in the mid-nineteenth century. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. BP Plc. (2014). BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014. BP Plc. (2014). BP at a Glance. [Online] 3 September, 2017. Available From Black, E. (2011). British petroleum and the redline agreement. Washington, DC: Dialog Press. Ferrier, R. W. (2009). The history of the British Petroleum Company. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Honnungar, V. (2011). British Petroleum Oil Spill Crisis and Aftermath Corporate Governance and Communication at BP during the disaster. Munich: GRIN Verlag Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy, New York: Free Press. Stiel, P. (2003). British Petroleum: A Global Company in a Global World. [Online] 3 September, 2017. Available From: http://www.pstiel.de/fileadmin/pstiel.de/Download/english_globalisation.pdf Smith, N. J. (2011).The Sea of Lost Opportunity: North Sea Oil and Gas, British Industry and The Offshore Supplies Office. New York: Elsevier. Stock Challenge, (2012). FTSE All-Share Index Ranking as at Close on Fri, 31 October 2014. [Online] 3 September, 2017. Available From http://www.stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php Uph, C. (2010). PR Analysis of British Petroleum. New York: GRIN Verlag. Also, checkout related Essays: BHP Billiton SWOT Analysis and Porter Five Force Analysis SWOT analysis of Sainsbury’s Plc Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL, Porter) of Premier Inn (Whitbread Plc) Summary Reviewer John Review Date 2017-09-06 Reviewed Item Essay – BP SWOT and Porter Five Forces Author Rating 5

Beowulf - Analysis Of The Epic Essays - Beowulf, Geats, Free Essays

Beowulf - Analysis Of The Epic Essays - Beowulf, Geats, Free Essays Beowulf - Analysis of the Epic The Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf is the most important work of Old English literature, and is well deserved of the distinction. The epic tells the story of a hero, a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the monster Grendel, a descendent of Cain, and of his exploits fighting Grendel?s mother and a Dragon. Throughout the epic, the Anglo-Saxon story teller uses many elements to build a certain depth to the characters. Just a few of the important character elements in Beowulf are Wealth & Honor, Biblical & Paganistic, and Man vs. Wild themes. Many of the characters in Beowulf are, like in most epics, defined by their status. But, in addition to status, the Anglo-Saxon culture also adds an element of honor. To the Anglo-Saxons, a character?s importance, as well as their wealth and status, where measured not only in monetary terms, but it was also measured in terms of honor, fame, and accomplishments. Hrothgar, king of the Danes, is one example of the Anglo-Saxon measurement of importance in Beowulf. In Canto 1 the story teller describes his wealth and importance, not as mounds of gold or jewels, but instead as his ability to ?[lead] the Danes to such glory.? and as his tendency to ?In battle, [leave] the common pasture untouched, and taking no lives.? Through this display of compassion for the commoner who doesn?t fight in battles, Hrothgar proves the full extent of his honor and therefore the extent of his wealth and status. Beowulf, the hero-prince, also proves his true wealth and status through his deeds as defender of the Danes.. As he fights and defeats Grendel, Beowulf Earns Fame and wealth from his companions, and from the Danes, but more importantly, he earns honor raising him to the level of an archetypal hero. Grendel, on the other hand, is the total opposite of Beowulf. He has no wealth, no honor, and he in infamous as an evil killer. This lack of wealth and honor defines Grendel as a symbol of evil and corruption. In addition to using Honor and wealth to define a character?s character, the story-teller(s) have incorporated alternating Biblical and Paganistic motifs in the epic-poem. The original Epic was obviously Paganistic due to the time period of it?s creation. But, as time wore on, the rewriting and touching up of the manuscripts by various sources including religious monks, caused the characters to have slight Christian characteristics. These Christian themes have become very important to the epic to add am element of depth that wouldn?t be possible in modern times due to the lost of the Anglo-Saxon culture and beliefs. An example of the Biblical motif in Beowulf is Grendel. Grendel it biblically described as evil in this excerpt: [ Grendel] was spawned in that slime, Conceived by a pair of those monsters born Of Cain, murderous creatures banished By God, punished forever for the crime Of Abel?s death. The Almighty drove Those demons out, and their exile was bitter, Shut away from men; they split Into a thousand forms of evilspirits And feinds, goblins, monsters, giants, A brood forever opposing the Lord?s Will, and again and again defeated. The Biblical reference in the epic has become a modern day archetypal motif, and serves to give the listener an idea of the extent of Grendel?s pure evil and gives a logical explanation for Grendel?s murderous behavior. This example, not only shows the evil in Grendel?s nature, but also the torture in his heart caused by his Banishment from God. It serves to give the reader an idea of why Grendel would kill the Danes for no reason other than their happiness. Beowulf also has a religious motif to his character. One example of this is in Canto 6 line 381 in which Hrothgar states, ?Our Holy Father had sent [Beowulf] as a sign of His grace, a mark of His favor, to help us defeat Grendel and end that terror.? This religious description shows Beowulf as a sort of messiah sent by god to save man from evil. But, more than that, since Beowulf is in fact not a messiah, this description shows the good in Beowulf?s heart and the purpose of his mission. Another Biblical reference in Beowulf

2nd Grade Math Course of Study

2nd Grade Math Course of Study The following list provides you with the basic concepts that should be attained by the end of the school year. Mastery of the concepts at the previous grade is assumed. Numbers Read print numbers to 20 and locate, compare, order, represent, estimate, identify numbers to 1000 and mentally add and subtract numbers to 20Understand place value to be able to trade 10 ones for a ten, etc.Count by 1s, 2s, 5s, 10s beyond 100.Locate numbers when requested to 1000Understand the reverse properties of whole numbers 57 is the same as 75Add and subtract two-digit numbers (no carrying/regrouping)Introduction to division using sharing as examplesCount by skipping numbers when requestedAdd and subtract coins up to $1.00Compute word problems with addition and subtraction, (We have 20 children in swimming class, 8 are boys, how many are girls?) Measurement Use and understand more than, less than, the same as, heavier than, lighter than, taller than etc.Measure with a variety of cups, rulers and measuring spoonsTime - hours, minutes and secondsUse the terms inches, feet, yards, centimeters, meters etc.Know the months of the year and tell time to the quarter hourUse a thermometer and count money to a dollar including being able to create different sets that equal a dollarCompare a variety of measurement tools Geometry Describe, identify, create and sort and build with shapes (squares, triangles, circles, rectangles etc.)Identify a variety of geometric shapes in everyday structuresCompare and sort 2- and 3-dimensional shapes (3-D terms include sphere, prism cones etc.)Extend and make patterns with shapesDetermine lines of symmetry, flips, slides, turns, and transformations of shapesDescribe locations on a grid - up four and over two etc. Algebra/Patterning Identify, describe, reorganize and extend patterns with more than one attributeGive specific rules about patterns for numbers, shapes, pictures, and objectsIdentify and describe patterns in the world around us (wallpaper, paint etc) Probability Use graphs to record number of pets, hair color temperature with 1 and 2 attributesDesign or construct bar graphs and include pertinent informationInterpret a variety of picture and bar graphs and give explanationsInvestigate what happens when coins are flipped and die are rolled All Grades Pre-K Kdg. Gr. 1 Gr. 2 Gr. 3 Gr. 4 Gr. 5 Gr. 6 Gr. 7 Gr. 8 Gr. 9 Gr. 10 Gr.11 Gr. 12

Same sex mariage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Same sex mariage - Research Paper Example Marriage is an essential part of the life of any person. Some of the main reasons why people marry each other include the need for financial stability, emotional understanding, the need for love, and a birth of children. Out of all these factors, emotional understanding holds the central place in maintaining a perfect marital relationship. Love and care are also the key factors that play a valuable role in creating and maintaining affectionate feelings in the minds of people. Although same sex marriages are not considered acceptable among religious and social groups in many parts of the world, this concept has found its base in many countries. For example, if we talk about the United States of America, we can say that the government believes in an individual freedom. Although the common belief is that marriage is a sacred relationship, which involves individuals from opposite genders, the concept of existence of such relationships between the members of the same genders has also star ted to influence the minds of many critics of same-sex marriages. It is due to this fact that the government of the United States has legalized same-sex marriages in many states. Some of those states include Massachusetts, Washington, New York, New Jersey, Vermont, and Connecticut (Doskow n.pag.). The courts of these states have declared that marriage is a basic human right, and gays and lesbians are also entitled to gain the benefits of this right (Cahill 4). Here, an important and recent development in this regard is that the French government has also legitimized same sex marriages a couple of days ago. â€Å"France has become the 14th country to legalise same-sex marriage† (Chrisafis 1). However, the truth is that although the government has legalized same-sex marriages, but the majority of the US population does not regard the living status of same-sex couples. They do not consider same-sex marriages good for the society. Let us now discuss some of the main issues relate d to the same-sex marriage. One of the main issues that homosexual couples usually face is criticism from the supporters of traditional family systems. The supporters of traditional family systems believe that a proper family is essential for the existence and development of a society. They believe that men are made for women and women for men, and that only the members of opposite genders can form and run a family system. They think that lesbian and gay couples deteriorate the foundations of the family system, because they can neither completely fulfill the sexual desires of each other nor they can give birth to babies, which is essential for the development of a society. They also say that same-sex marriages result in decreasing the available work force for a country because of their inability to produce children. Another issue that same sex couples face is the discouraging behavior of other members of the society. Generally, people do not encourage same sex marriages because they think that people do same-sex marriages just to fulfill their illegal sexual desires instead of making a sacred relationship. This is the reason why most of the people dislike same-sex marriages and raise a voice against them. The result is not good for same-sex couples because they cannot live freely in the society. They also undergo a hard struggle in order to find a respectable place in the society. Religious institutions also promote marriages between the members of op

Clinical Ethics and Ethical Theories Assignment

Clinical Ethics and Ethical Theories - Assignment Example It has three components, namely (a) the key clientele which are elder residents (b) its contribution which is health care, and (c ) distinction which is serving the unique or distinct needs of residents. Needless to say, a mission statement need to be internalized by all health providers in the organization. Unfortunately, however, as in the case with many organizations even in other professional fields, mission statements are emblazoned in marble or metal print outside or inside edifices of organizations, but hardly internalized. Thus, in findings of professional accreditation by duly-authorized accrediting agencies, mission statements are not even in the conscious awareness of company people, being more aware of functions, not a mission. Correctly, the mission forms the standards of behaviour that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.â₠¬ (Santa Clara University). In Revera Living, awareness of a formal mission statement which reflects the ethical principles of the organization’s pioneering founders is a reality. ... Integrity pervades the organization in all kinds of interactions for health care from the administrative to the clinical interrelationships. Compassion springs from the Christian culture of the organization wherein the least is regarded with no less care and attention. Excellence refers to the quality of services and is carried through from top administrators at the meso level to the lower echelon health providers at the micro level. On a macro basis, the excellence exuded by Revera Living is aptly demonstrated by the respect given by the state and the community for the residential organization, thereby ensuring it continued public and community support. Taken together, the core values as a framework give evidence of balance and harmony in all the domains of performance. Pointedly asked â€Å"performance of what, and to what ends? Such a question is well addressed in the case of the organization concerned (Onyebuchi, 2011). . Today, the successful experience and expansion of Revera Living to be today since 1996 a leader in Canada and places in the United States bear out the proof of an ethical framework translated into practical social reality. In truth, an ethical framework has turned into an ethical system based on feelings, religion, law, accepted social practice, or science.† (Santa Clara University). The Residents Council and the Family Council at Revera Living further demonstrate that the core of the organization, namely the resident elders and their families equally concretize ethical practice. The Residents’ Council empowers residents along autonomy to determine health care and living conditions. Supporting this internal council is the Family Council in

Environmental Influences Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Influences Paper - Essay Example This is the reason why understanding the demographics is of critical importance for an organization. According to the July 2008 estimates, the population of Germany is approximately 82,315,548. (Central Intelligence Agency, 2008) The total population figure has also been falling recently. For a company that produces or supplies necessary goods like food, clothing or shelter, this factor is very important because the higher the population, the higher will the demand and customer base for their products. Since the population in Germany is one of the largest in the world, this country would positively affect marketing. The male and female proportion in the population also affects marketing of gender specific goods. Besides this the age structure will also affect the marketing of goods. For example, a company that wishes to introduce health care facilities for the old population of the country would need to know if there is a need in the country. At present, the age structure if Germany is such that the most of the population lies between the ages of 0-60. (Federal Statistical Office, 2007) This is ideal for any type of company except for those who target older population. However, in Germany, the birth and death rates are decreasing, which increases the threat of aging population. This may also affect the marketing in the country. Social and cultural factors influence the consumer's behavior to a g... For example, in Germany, most spoken language is German and no other language is preferred (German Culture, 2008). This factor may affect the approach that organizations use in order to market their goods and services. The social structure also determines the marketing strategy in a country. For example, a company producing luxury goods needs to know the size of their potential customer base. The social structure in the country they are operating in will influence this. If the country has a low percentage of people in high class society, this country might not be the most ideal place for this company to launch this product. Germany is a modern and a cosmopolitan country and majority of the population lies in middle class. This may considered by companies while marketing their products. Political and Legal The Political and Legal factors of a country determine the marketing to a great extent. The company needs to know if there are any regulations set on production and marketing of any type of goods. For example, in Muslim countries such as Pakistan, alcoholic drinks are not allowed to be marketed. These factors affect the marketing of goods and services in a country. Also there are laws set by government and consumer protection agencies regarding the methods advertising. These will also affect the marketing strategy of an organization. There are no such legal or political factors in Germany that will greatly influence marketing there. The political conditions are stable and there are no such legal requirements that hinder marketing in any manner. Production and marketing of all types of goods and services is promoted there. Economic The economic conditions influence the marketing in the

Functions of Urban Space in Architecture

Functions of Urban Space in Architecture How does the Architecture of urban space stimulate appropriation and manipulation of its fabric, symbols and language by its inhabitants, in unfamiliar, and ways otherwise overlooked? To what extent does the modern city support and suppress activities deemed to elapse the prescribed use of a space? Are these opportunities for engagement limitless? Does the modern city stimulate the cultural and physiological identity of its inhabitants? Walk through urban space and you will undoubtedly see and experience what Borden refers to as the left-over spaces of modernist urban planning. (Borden, 2001, p.33) The spaces of decision-making, often characterised by excpansivity of space and signals. They are the spaces of the zero degree. (Borden, 2001, P.33) These spaces contain a predetermined use, need and time, and contain within them objects with predetermined functions. While these zero degree spaces quietly serve their purpose, it is suggested they are being appropriated beyond their expected use, and are venerated with new meaning in the process contrasting Lefebvres statement where he maintains a lack of qualitative differences in the Architecture of the modern city and the experience of it is being reduced to banal monotony. (Borden, 2001). The disciplines chosen are Skateboarding, Parkour and Guerilla Gardening. They have been chosen because they each contain within them the capacity to appropriate and re-programme spaces of prescribed function and use within the urban fabric of the modern city. They also all contain within them a distinguishing feature, for example the Skateboarder reappropriates space with the aid of a tool (the skateboard) that is absorbed into the body (Borden, 2001, p.1). Similarly, Parkour a discipline reliant on an individuals athletic ability and mental effort reappropriates space in much the same manner, however, the tool in this example is replaced by the motile body. Through a traceurs (generally accepted term for a Parkour practitioner) efforts they seek opportunities to remap their environment (Angel, 2014, p.179) and in doing so form new physical, spatial and psychological connections to it. (Angel, 2014, p.179) Finally, Guerilla Gardening is a discipline practiced by virtue of conviction. The movement is an attack on the scarcity of land within urban space, a battle for resources and ultimately a fight for freedom of expression and for community cohesion. (Reynolds, 2009, p.5) Thus, the aims of the text are threefold. It will introduce, and thereafter explore the formal and material principles of the modern city to see how opportunities for engagement are presented. Secondly, Skateboarding, Parkour and Guerrilla Gardening are introduced. A brief historical introduction set within the context of the modern city reveals the profound relationship between space and use. Thereafter exploring the spatial-political conflicts entrenched within their practice. Finally, imagining these marginal users of space as performers and the transgressive, often illicit activities as urban performances, the text will explore how these modes of engagement can critique the modern city. Using Borden and Lefebvres theories and Tschumis ideology the text will argue the importance of such critiquing in informing the design and production of future cities. 1.2 Theory. Its Tschumis perspective of Architecture, and of the experience of Architecture, and how he locates transgression as a concept within Architecture (Architectural Design, 2013, p.15) that forms the genesis of this investigative text. The concept of transgression will play an important part for it will attempt to argue its importance in the context of the modern city not conceptually and literally to Architecture and urban space as built form that negates its self but rather a sociologically implied importance. Transgression formed of a series of transgressive acts that are performed within the modern city that consequently, highlight distinct ways contemporary counter-cultures are identifying with the built environment. In pursuit of attaining a qualitative insight into the application of Skateboarding, Parkour and Guerrilla Gardening in the modern city the text will interpret the theoretical writings of Professor Iain Borden. An architectural historian and urban commentator. He is, at the time of writing, Professor of Architecture and Urban Culture at the Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL. His book Skateboarding, Space and the City; Architecture and the Body has proved invaluable in the production of this text. His theories on Zero degree Architecture, Rhythmanalysis and super architectural space adopted from Henry Lefebvre, and adapted for understanding the urban practice of Skateboarding within the discourse of Architecture and urban space are highly transferrable and form a theoretical framework to be used in understanding the socio-spatial   impacts of non-normative, ludic activities being performed in the modern city. 1.3 Structure. Section 1 introduces the main topics, the objective of the study, and informs the reader of the theoretical frameworks underpinning the text. Section 2 formally introduces the three transgressive urban disciplines, their origins and historically roots them within the context of the modern City. The skateboard is introduced as a form of body-tool based engagement, Parkour; a body based engagement and finally Guerilla Gardening; a body-belief based engagement occurring with the urban realm. Section 3 provides the reader with a brief historical development of the modern City, providing a brief exploration of the spatial and material qualities of 20th century Architecture, with particular emphasis on materiality, modernist urban planning principles, and the various architectural artefacts and quotidian objects that form the fabric of the modern city. The section ultimately explores the concept of the city as a collection of macro-micro spaces of opportunity. Section 4 delves into Skateboarding, Parkour and Guerrilla Gardenings political impacts on the modern City and its inhabitants. It explores the legislative measures, and design based tactics employed by authority to disrupt and halt activity. Thereafter, the text will explore conflict and ways in which it may be mediated/mitigated through design. Section 5 explores explicitly the dialogue between Skateboarding, Parkour, Guerrilla Gardening and urban space, with the aim of revealing each disciplines unique spatial qualities, as well as the social, and spatial phenomena that occurs by consequence of their practice. The section will focus on exploring the way in which these modes of engagement can critique urban space, urban fabric, the wider city, its Architecture and inhabitants in new and unfamiliar ways. Before we depart Modern Architecture is a large subject that has been widely discussed and forms a large portion of contemporary architectural discourse. While it is, relatively easy, to obtain a comprehensive account of the Architecture that has pervaded the 20th century, it is, however, surprisingly more arduous to obtain an account of the public spaces that have emerged by consequence of its practice. It is more difficult still to find critical analysis of urban space engagement that negates normative functions. (Preston, 1985) It is far beyond the scope of this text to deliver the former; however, the text will endeavor to explore the phenomenon of human-urban interaction through the guise of a number of marginal urban cultural practices as they are enacted within the spaces between buildings. 2.1 Skateboarding The street skateboard is many things, and serves various functions. For some, it is a form of transportation. For others, a tool that used to engage with the urban fabric of the modern city. For some it is both, and more, it is a way of life. While it is impossible to pinpoint the exact date the Skateboard was invented, Borden suggests it originated in 1930-1950s California. Quite different from the modern skateboard of today, they were makeshift contraptions that looked more like scooters. They were constructed by children using roller skates, apple crates and wooden planks and were used to traverse the suburbia sidewalks. (Borden, 2001, p.13) Evenutually these homemade contraptions would evolve, loosing elements like the metal wheels which gave an uncomfortable and bumpy ride. They were eventually replaced with wheels made of composite materials such as plastic, clay and paper which gave the riders better traction and manouverability. (Borden, 2001, p.14-15) The skateboard did not only evolve in its technological and material capacity, but also in the way it was utilised by the user. Most notable was the introduction of a manouvre called the Ollie which can be seen in figure 01. The ollie involves a series of explosive, perfectly timed manouvres produced with the intent of launching a Skateboarder in to the air, with the skateboard the skateboard seemingly fixed to a skateboarders feet. (Borden, 2001, p.91) The feat which involves a delicate relation between body, board, terrain and gravitational force (Borden, 2001, p.91) would eventually develop into a cornerstone of modern skateboarding (Borden, 2001, p.91). The popularity of Skateboarding has waxed and waned over the years. Arguably, its most important resurgence was in the 1980s when a paradigm shift in the global skateboarding community occurred. Skateboarders, once content surfing the sidewalk, carving the empty pools of California suburbia and navigating the constructed space of the Skatepark were instead being drawn to the oppertunities of the modern city. (Borden, 2001, p.23) 2.2 Parkour According to the Oxford English Dictionary Parkour may be defined as a discipline or activity of moving rapidly and freely over or around the obstacles presented by an (esp. urban) environment by running, jumping, climbing, etc (Oxford English Dictionary , 2016) Figure 2 shows a traceur leaping from one building to another. Parkour is not merely about jumping over walls, despite some common misconceptions, it is an imaginative reworking of the existing spatial configurations as well as a reworking of the corporeal and a questioning of the self. (Angel, 2014, p.178) Much like modern street skateboarding, it may be argued Parkour is also synonymous with the the urban environment. Julie Angel, quoting Mathew Lamb goes as far as stating parkour is the dialectical relationship between the built form and the body (Angel, 2014, p.178) Parkour is a comparatively new form of engagement with the urban and originated as a form of military training, first developed by French naval leutenant George Herbert. His anthropologial observations of the indigenous peoples of Africa and beyond specifically their physical development and movement skills (Anon., n.d.) culminated in the formualtion of a physical training discipline refered to by Herbert as the Natural Method. (Anon., n.d.) More recently two individuals David Belle and Sebastien Foucan developed their own versions of Herberts original physical discipline, they formed a group of practicioners which called themselves the Yamikazi. They would later develop a strong following in their home country of France and with the help of acclaimed film director Luc Besson, the introduction of Youtube and other pioneers of the mid noughties, Parkour would eventually cement its-self within contemporary culture and develop further into a globally recognised and occuring phenomenon. (Anon., n.d.) 3.3 Guerrilla Gardening Guerilla gardening can best be described as the illicit cultivation of someone elses land (Reynolds, 2009, p.05). The activity can be broken down into two leading constituents guirella gardening for aethetics, and for hunger. The flora in an aethsetic context is regarded as the the guirella gardeners pallete, which is utilised in various ways to add personality and to articulate artistic expression in neglected urban space. Figure 03. Others garden out of necessity in what Reynolds calls people fighting for the right to have dinner on their plate (Reynolds, 2009, p.14) According to Reynolds no guerilla gardening manifesto exists, the activity is thought of as being a highly individual undertaking, with every gardener prescribing their own ethics, motivations and goals within their practice. (Reynolds, 2009, p.15) This however, isnt explicily the case with some practicioners arranging spectacular horticultural campaigns by organised and politically charged cells (Reynolds, 2009, p.5) As to the origins of guerilla gardening, one can assume due to the nature of the subject, that is -   cultivating land not belonging to oneself that guerilla gardening has been occurring since at the very least, the Neolithic age, some 14,000 years ago. (Reynolds, 2009, p.65) More recently there are well documented cases of the activity occuring within modern western cities such as New York, Paris and London. 3.3 Activating the modern city through activity Why then, does our three transgressive, at times illicit activities form a viable and interesting topic within Architectural discourse? For skateboarding, Borden suggests skateboarders have the ability to reject the Architecture and spaces of the city as a coherent urban entity (Borden, 2001, p.214)and instead view the saces of the modern city fabric as an orchestration of floating, detcahed, physical items isolated from each other.(Borden, 2001, p.214) This is essentially the skateboarder reproducing Architecture and the city in their own image, and in doing so participate in an exercise of re-mapping the city, and forming a tactile languge made of objects, textures and surfaces that may be recalled at will when required. (Borden, 2001, p.14) Ultimately the relationship between skateboarding and the modern city is highlighting how a space with a prescribed use is in reality inscribed with a multitude of uses.(Borden, 2001, p.247) Julie Angel speaking of Parkour, argues that traucers temporarily socially re-energises areas previously not used (Angel, 2014, p.191) suggesting, New encounters both socially and architecturally (Angel, 2014, p.191) for the inhabitants of the modern city. Parkour thus forms an example of the modern cities inhabitants ascribing new significance, and meaning, to the zero degree spaces/quotidian functional objects of the modern city. (Angel, 2014, p.179) For gurella gardening Olly Zanetti claims gardening is at once a passive activity yet, in certain contexts, affords the ability to radically appropriate space (Zanetti , 2007, p.17) The above statements suggest the three transgressive activities exhibit a range of phenomena, however, they also share common themes. For example, they are all performed kinetically throught movement and action informing the dialectical relationship between Architecture, space and the body. (Angel, 2014, p.178) Further, all three fit the definition of play, defined by the Oxford english dictionary as Exercise, brisk or free movement or action.(Oxford English Dictionary , 2016) Rawilnson and Guaralda suggest play is critical (Rawlinson Guaralda, 2011, p.1) to the wellbeing of the inhabitants of the modern city. Play also forms new meanings and memories for normative elements through an unconventional, and extraordinary level of interaction. (Rawlinson Guaralda, 2011) The above statements suggest the activities negate the prescribed use of space and are consequently venerated with new uses, meanings and memories in the process. May this suggests new spatial possibilities, opportunities, and futures for the inhabitants of the modern city? 3.1 Origins According To Christian Norburg-Schulz author of the book Principles of Modern Architecture Modern Architecture and thus the modern city which encapsulates it came into existence to help human beings feel more at home in the new world that had emerged with the arrival of the industrial revolution. This new world was the by-product of major advancements in personal mobility, the new political and economic paradigms associated with the new world structure and the arrival of what we would call today the media. While the arrival of new technologies were a key precursor in the manifestation of the modern city, another constituent was the general rejection of custom and tradition by leading 20th century architects.   (Norberg-Schulz, 2000) This can be seen in advertisements and literature, such as this Deutscher Werkbund (DWB) exhibition poster (Figure 4) promoting their Form die ohne ornament (Form without ornament) exhibition in 1924. This new architectural doctrine promoted Architecture that embodied openness and transparency, with conceptions of space that extend in all directions and instill with in it a sense of infinity. (Norberg-Schulz, 2000). 3.2 MAteriality As various architects, theorists, and historians have pointed out, no material has been more closely associated with the origins and development of modern architecture (Cohen Moeller , 2006) Cohen and Moeller are referring to concrete. It has been largely agreed that concrete has been synonymous with the modern architectural movement. In terms of the development of our chosen transgressive activities in the modern city, the tactile material quality inherent of the modern city be it the steel bollards obstructing vehicular access to a side street, or the granite benches of a piazza, or the in-situ re-in forced concrete floors and stairs of a regional building. Even the sculptural forms and surfaces orchestrating an Architectures external form and the pockets of green space that adorn it they have all been exploited to great effect. Also being utilized is the spatial organization of the modern city. With the process of urbanization comes its by-product the movement and re-distribution of people from rural to urban. This equates to a greater density of people with in urban space and Architecture/public space must accommodate this increased density. This is manifested through a principle of modernist/post-modernist design where-by notable spaces and architecture are linked by spaces designed for the movement/flow of large volumes of people. Interestingly these spaces which represent the liminal exteriors of society (Angel, 2014, p.178) are, according to Angel popular with traucers, the transitional spaces which direct and steer the human subject (Angel, 2014, p.178) using the available quotidian objects such as Ramps, barriers and staircases (Angel, 2014, p.178) are visual markers which influence and authorise their actions. Such fragmentation of space is what bored Borden refers to as the object-space-object-space rhythm born from a fragmentation of objects within a homogenous space (Borden, 2001, p.195). He maintains the spaces of the modern city that have evolved therein and importantly their potential for reappropriation can only have occurred in the concrete city with its smooth surfaces and running spaces excaliming medievel, reinessance or early industrical cities are crap to skate. (Borden, 2001, p195) Borden is refereing to skateboarding in this instance, however, one can easily understand how his theory may be applied to parkour and even guirella gardening, for parkour is explosive, physical and requires the fragmentation of space, and guirella gardening gravitates to the neglected green spaces which adorn the zero-degree spaces of the modern city. In respect of the above we can begin to view the modern city as the substrate from which a variety of different modes of self expression and identification with the urban environment may transpire. This begs the question; how is the modern city liberated of its ludic duty that is, the authoritative and cultural duty imposed upon it and how is it reborn as the space of total opportunity? For the answer we must understand how the practitioners of each identify with and seek opportunity from space. For skateboarders, Borden believes, the modern city is presented as a pre-existent object, thats liable to negation, specifically, throught expoliting its texcture. Texture in this context gives the skateboarder a different undersatanding of the modern city, an understanding informed from an expereince of surface and the tactility of materials. (Borden, 2001, p.194) Engaging with the city on the level of textual terrain presents the Skateboarder with a myriad of physical sensations, inscribed with in the textual qualities of space that move up through the skateboard and is felt by the skateboarder, as well as heard. The same can be said for the practice of Parkour, with the traucers intimate knowledge of the material and textual qualites of their immediate environemnt informing their movements and actions. For example, a sandstone ledge is a far safer landing pad in the wet than a polished granite one. This is arguably just one of countless material and textual judgements a traucer will make during a session. (Angel, 2014, p.181) Gurella gardening is a different beast all together. While parkour and skateboarding both rely on and engage heavily with the textual fabric of the city, guirella gardening is more selective of its environemnt, for ovbious reasons. Taking into account the particular activities that are happening within the modern city it may be argued the modern citys image is revitalised and reborn through transgression. (Tschumi, 1996) There is no social or political change without the movements and programmes that transgress supposedly stable institutionality architectural or otherwise; that there is no architecture without everyday life, movement, and action; and that it is the most dynamic aspects of their disjunctions that suggest a new definition of architecture (Tschumi, 1996) Tschumi initially implies that boundaries set by institutional orders, laws and codes must be transgressed if a new definition of Architecture and its associated meanings are to be developed. Thereafter he argues the importance of movement the activation of bodies in space to define Architecture. However, how does movement, action and their disjunctions define Architecture, and why are they important, and who are they important to? The collective? The individual? The City? Architects and planners? It is beyond the scope of the text to fully answer such questions, however, a critical analysis of the spatial phenomena and politics concerning skateboarding, parkour and guerilla Gardening is conducted which forms a basis for further research. 4.1 Publicly private. Various literature sources indicate a complex socio-political relationship between the chosen transgressive activities and the spaces occupying the modern city. Simpson suggests the street is a palimpsest of laws, orders, codes (Simpson , 2011, p.417) that contain within them thepotential for modification. (Simpson , 2011, p.417) One can understand the complications practitioners face during their day-to-day interactions with the modern city. This is largely due to what Simpson describes as the domestication of urban public space from the incivilities or certain inhabitants through the regulation of difference (Simpson , 2011, p.418) ultimately this domestication occurs to exclude nonconsumers or those who are deemed to detract from the experience of that space (Simpson , 2011, p.418) Rawlinson and Guaralda suggest activities of integrated play (Rawlinson Guaralda, 2011, p.20)must contend with and thus be subordiante to -   the authoritative powers in force, such as the government and the private institutions/bodies that own and maintain large percentages of cities. This suggests privately owned public spaces are dictated by a form of spatial politics which prioritises consumers over citisens. (Rawlinson Guaralda, 2011, p.20) This eventually leads to legislitave powers being drawn up, for example, legislature such as provisions in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-riot acts, the use of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-summary offences and restrictions on freedom of association and assembly in a public place (Rawlinson Guaralda, 2011, p.20) which aids in the restriction of activities which are deemend extraordinary or contradicttory to a spaces prescribed use. Julie Angel believes this level of legislation against Parkour, for example, is due to the nature of the activity, she suggests Private corporations fear the risk of liability to their organsiation (Angel, 2014, p.188) which is understandable. The same can be said for skateboarding, both activities involve mass bodies, objects and both, utilised in unison operating at high velocities, and in close proximity to other users of the same urban space. Skateboarding and Parkour are similar in their spatial politics, but what of Guirella Gardening? In London the activity has no legal protection (Zanetti , 2007, p.43) and further, Zanetti suggests the activity can theoreticallly be construed as trespass theft or criminal damage. (Zanetti , 2007, p.43), suggesting Reynolds ethic fits the definition of guerilla gardening exceptionally well: some people have a different definition of gardening. I am one of them. I do not wait for permission to become a gardener but dig wherever I see horticultural potential. I do not just text existing gardens but create them from neglected space. (Reynolds, 2009, p.4) 4.2 Designed suppression Angel quoting Michel Foucault suggests the Architecture and planning occurring within the modern city is underscored by a form of spatial tactics (Angel, 2014, p.184)as well as political technology.(Angel, 2014, p.184) Adding, methods used for the organization of bodies in space is conceived through enclosure, partitioning and of creating functional sites.(Angel, 2014, p.184) What are these spatial tactics and what other tactics are employed to restrict one form of use over another? Figure 5 illustrates a plan of the City Hall complex in London, containing the City Hall building designed by Foster Partners. Adjacent to the building is The Scoop, an 800 seat external amphitheater designed by Townshend Landscape Architects. The Scoop forms an interesting case study as it exemplifies the power struggle relations between space and non-prescribed use and reveals typical modes of designed suppression. The polished steel knurls that adorn the external granite forms, as shown in Figure 6 are located to restrict the frictional, horizontal movement of metal objects, such as skateboard axles (trucks). Figure 7 exemplifies the signage utilised by authority to forbid and criminalise non-normative activity. Interestingly, rollerblading as well as cycling a generally accepted form of inner-city transportation is legislated against in this instance. Thus presented are two examples demonstrating how architectural defense tactics have been employed demonstrating how owners, developers and governance contribute to the maintenance of power of one group over another (Angel, 2014, p.184) The political and design based tactics restricting urban activities like skateboarding, rollerblading and BMXing are not applicable with guerilla gardening. No examples of design-based tactics targeting gardeners explicitly have been found within academic literature. 4.3 Mediating conflict A review of current literature reveals interesting ways in which the three transgressive activities mediate conflict within the modern city. Whilst Borden suggests Skateboarding is antagonistic towards the urban environment (Borden, 2001, p.247) he presupposes skateboarders take advantage of the bounded temporality (Borden, 2001, 198) of certain spaces. He suggests skateboarders can mediate conflict with authority/building owners by choosing to use space at times when the adjacent buildings are not in use, such as at night or on weekends. Thus, skateboarders substitute one temporal rhythm for another (Borden, 2001, p.198) and in doing so animate the Architecture and spaces of the modern city at times when they would otherwise go unnoticed (Borden, 2001, p.198) Skateboarders and traucers inevitably mark and scuff the surfaces they use to perform on, marks left by the skateboarders utherene wheels on the ground, damaged ledges from an accumulation of contact (Figure 8) and trainer marks are but a few examples worth noting. Whilst its understood skateboarders avoid conflict through clever use of temporal rythms, theres no evidence within literature to suggest they take responsibility for the damage they inflict, as such one can assume theyre indifferent. The same cannot be said for Parkour, however, with Angle suggesting traucers go to great lengths to make their relationship with the environemnt a positive one (Angel, 2014,p, 182) The residual build up of material that can make space look untidy has been brought into question (Angel, 2014, p.182) within the parkour community. This has resulted in the Leave no trace initiative(Angel, 2014, p.183) (Figure 9) with traucers essentially chosing to paint over the marks their shoes leave behind, furthemore, traucers remove debris and litter before and after they practice, while they do this for their own safety Angel suggests Parkour potentially improves spaces.(Angel, 2014, p.182) As previously mentioned guerilla gardening differs considerably to the two former transgressive activities in its theory and practice. Its important to note that while the two former occur in plain view most of the time, its assumed guirella gardening does not. Guirella gardenings mediation of conflict is unequivocally linked to the activity, because o